Auteurs :
Icro Maremmani (1,2,3), Matteo Pacini (1,3), Sonia Lubrano (1), Mercedes Lovrevic (4), Giulio Perugi (1,3)

1. PISA-SIA (Study and Intervention on Addictions) Group, « Santa Chiara » University Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, NPB – University of Pisa, Italy.
2. AU-CNS onlus, Pietrasanta, Italy.
3. Institute of Behavioural Sciences « G. De Lisio », Carrara, Italy.
4. Institute of Public Health of Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljiana, Slovenia

Remerciements : La rédaction du FLYER remercie le Dr Icro MAREMMANI d’avoir mis à notre disposition le texte en anglais ‘Dual Diagnosis Heroin Addicts. The Clinical and Therapeutics Aspects’, dont nous produisons ici une version française. Malgré tous les soins apportés à une traduction la plus fidèle possible, nous présentons par avance nos excuses, si dans la traduction, l’esprit des auteurs et le sens souhaité de leurs travaux et écrits aient été modifiés de quelque manière que ce soit. Ce travail a déjà été publié dans sa version anglaise originale dans ‘Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems’, Volume 5, n° 2, Août 2003. Cette revue est le journal officiel de l’association EUROPAD (European Opiate Addiction Treatment Association) dont le Dr MAREMMANI est le président. C’est cette publication qui a inspiré la conception de ce Flyer hors-série, consacré aux comorbidités psychiatriques.

Sommaire

Introduction

A. Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques des troubles de la personnalité chez les patients dépendants

• A. Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques des troubles de la personnalité chez les patients dépendants
• A.1. Dépendance et symptômes psychopathologiques
• A.2. Dépendance et dimensions psychopathologiques
• A.3. Dépendance et troubles de la personnalité
  • A.3.a. Troubles de la personnalité antisociale
• A.4. Personnalité et éthiopathogénie de la dépendance
  • A.4.a. Hypothèse de l’automédication pour les troubles addictifs
  • A.4.b. Le rôle des effets subjectifs : l’hypothèse d’auto-sélection
  • A.4.c. Recherche de sensations et absence de satisfaction : qu’est-ce qui est trop peu ou trop ?
• A.5. La psychologie de la dépendance : évolution des modèles théoriques
  • A.5.a. Théories psychodynamiques
  • A.5.b. Au-delà de la psychodynamie
• A.6. Dépendance et troubles bipolaires
• A.7. Traitement des troubles de la personnalité au cours du traitement de maintenance par la méthadone

B. Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques des troubles de l’humeur chez les patients dépendants

• B.1. Epidémiologie
• B.2. Evaluation de la dépression chez les patients dépendants
• B.3. Antécédents familiaux des troubles de l’humeur
• B.4. Nature primaire ou secondaire du trouble de l’humeur associé à la dépendance
• B.5. Impact des troubles de l’humeur associés sur l’évolution naturelle de la dépendance à l’héroïne
• B.6. Consommation de substances psychoactives chez les patients bipolaires
• B.7. Dépendance et suicide
• B.8. La dépendance à l’héroïne et ses conséquences sur l’humeur
• B.9. Le traitement des troubles de l’humeur chez les sujets dépendants à l’héroïne
  • B.9.a. Les antidépresseurs
  • B.9.b. Les régulateurs de l’humeur
  • B.9.c. Les agonistes opiacés
• B.9.d. Les antagonistes opiacés

C. Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques des troubles anxieux chez les patients dépendants

• C.1. Epidémiologie
• C.2. Tableaux cliniques
• C.3. Traitement des troubles anxieux chez les patients dépendants

D. Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques des troubles psychotiques chez les patients dépendants

• D.1. Stimulants, cannabinoïdes, agents hallucinogènes et troubles psychotiques
• D.2. Consommation de substances chez les patients psychotiques
• D.3. Troubles psychotiques induits par des substances psychoactives
• D.4. Psychose chronique liée au cannabis
• D.5. Caractéristiques des psychoses chroniques et questions de discrimination clinique
• D.6. Psychose chronique liée à la cocaïne
• D.7. Traitement des psychoses chez les patients dépendants
  • D.7.a. Antipsychotiques
  • D.7.b. Méthadone et antipsychotiques
  • D.7.c. Disulfiram
  • D.7.d. Désipramine

E. Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques de l’agressivité et de la violence chez les patients héroïnomanes

• E.1. La violence chez les patients dépendants : une conséquence ou un signe de maladie associée ?
• E.2. Les opiacés comme agents anti-agressifs

F. Aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques de l’alcoolisme chez les patients héroïnomanes

• F.1. Addiction à l’héroïne, alcoolisme et groupes d’entraide
• F.2. Psychopharmacothérapie des dépendants à l’héroïne avec une dépendance à l’alcool
• F.3. Le GHB chez les héroïnomanes dépendants à l’alcool

G. Remarques finales et recommandations et ANNEXE : Traitement par la méthadone chez les patients DD. Le programme PISA-MMTP 66

Résumé

La dépendance et les autres troubles mentaux interagissent de plusieurs façons. L’abus de substances psychoactives a tendance à exacerber les symptômes psychiatriques et à favoriser la chronicité, avec des périodes sans troubles, plus rares et plus courtes. L’abus de substances s’oppose aussi à l’efficacité des traitements psychiatriques. La co-existence d’un trouble psychiatrique aggrave l’évolution de la dépendance. Les sujets dépendants et psychiatriques ont tendance à avoir un mode de vie désordonné et sont enclins à des conduites à risque.

Enfin, le risque de rechutes est souvent si élevé qu’il décourage toute intervention thérapeutique. Dans cet article nous mettons l’accent sur certains aspects particulièrement importants du traitement de maintenance et proposons des recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Les auteurs ont participé à un travail collectif pour analyser l’ensemble des comorbidités. Cet article s’appuie sur les données de la littérature et sur l’expérience clinique des auteurs dans leurs centres de soins respectifs.

Nous suggérons que les patients dépendants à double diagnostic (DD) soient traités dans un premier temps pour leur dépendance en utilisant des posologies appropriées de méthadone, posologies généralement supérieures à celles utilisées chez les patients dépendants sans autre complication. La stabilisation doit être considérée comme l’objectif intermédiaire. Certains patients à double diagnostic peuvent bénéficier d’un traitement centré sur leur dépendance tout en prenant en compte leurs troubles psychiatriques. Indépendemment de leurs propriétés anticompulsives, les agonistes des opiacés doivent être ré-évalués et considérés comme des psychotropes pour le traitement des troubles mentaux, en particulier les troubles de l’humeur et de l’anxiété ainsi que les syndromes psychotiques. Enfin, tout comme les sujets dépendants sans trouble associé, les sujets dépendants à double diagnostic devraient bénéficier d’une prise en charge globale, dans la mesure où ces traitements sont basés sur l’utilisation de posologies adaptées pendant un temps de traitement suffisamment long.

Bibliographie

• (1. A.P.A. (1980): DSM-III Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. 3rd ed, American Psychiatric Association, Washington,D.C.
• (2. AA.VV. (1984): Cocaine: Pharmacology, Effects and Treatment of Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph Series n° 50, NIDA, Rockville,Ml.
• (3. AA.VV. (1990): Alcoolisti Anonimi, Traduzione della 3° Edizione Americana, Buzoni Editore, Roma.
• (4. AA.VV. (1993): Cocaine Treatment: Research and Clinical Perspectives. NIDA Research Monograph Series n° 135, NIDA, Rockville,Ml.
• (5. Abbott P. J., Weller S. B., Walker S. R. (1994): Psychiatric disorders of opioid addicts entering treatment: preliminary data. J Addict Dis. 13(3): 1-11.
• (6. Ackerknecht E. H. (1959): A Short History of Psychiatry, Hafner Publishing Co, New York, NY, USA .
• (7. Aglietti M. (1993): Aggressività e tossicodipendenza da eroina, Tesi di Laurea, Università di Pisa, Anno Accademico 1992.
• (8. Akiskal H. S., Mallya G. (1987): Criteria for the ‘soft’ bipolar spectrum: Treatment implications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 23: 68-73.
• (9. Albanese M. J., Khantzian E. J., Murphy S. L., Green A. I. (1994): Decreased substance use in chronically psychotic patients treated with clozapine. Am J Psychiatry. 151: 5.
• (10. Altermann A. I., Gerstley L. J, Strohmez D. B., McKay J. R. (1991): Psychiatric heterogeneity in antisocial alcoholics:relation to familiar alcoholism. Compr Psychiatry. 32(5): 423-430.
• (11. Anglin M. D., Almong I. J., Fisher D. G., Peters K. R. (1989): Alcohol use by heroin addicts: evidence for an inverse relationship: a study of methadone maintenance and drug-free treatment samples. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 15: 191-207.
• (12. Angst J., Autenrieth F., Brem F., Koukkou M., Meyer H., Stassen H. H., Storck U. (1979): Preliminary results of treatment with beta-endorphin in depression. In E. Udsin, Bunney W.E. jr., N. S. Kline Eds, Endorphins in Mental Health Research. Macmillan, London.
• (13. Arntz A., Merckelbach H., De Jong P. (1993): Opioid antagonist affects behavioral effects of exposure in vivo. J Consult Clin Psychol. 61: 865-870.
• (14. Atkinson J. H., Schuckit M. A. (1983): Geriatric alcohol and drug misuse and abuse. Adv Substance Ab. 3: 195-237.
• (15. Atweh S. F., Kuhar M. (1977): Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain. Brain Res. 134: 393-405.
• (16. Ball J., Ross A. (1991): Follow-up study of 105 patients who left treatment. In J. C. Ball, A. Ross Eds, The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Springer-Verlag, New York.
• (17. Ball J. C., Corty E., Petroski S. P., Bond H., Tommasello A., Graff H. (1986): Medical services provided to 2394 patients at methadone programs in three states. J Subst Abuse Treat. 3: 203-209.
• (18. Bandler R. (1982): Induction of “rage” following microinjections of glutamate into midbrain but not hypothalamus of cats. Neurosci Lett. 5: 183-188.
• (19. Barbee J. G., Clark P. D., Crapanzano M. S., Heintz G. C., Kehoe C. E. (1989): Alcohol and substance abuse among schizophrenic patients presenting to an emergency psychiatric service. J Nerv Ment Dis. 177: 400-407.
• (20. Barglow P., Kotun J., Dunteman G. H., Condelli W. S., Fairbank J. A. (1992): Methadone and cocaine [2]. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 43: 1245-1246.
• (21. Barr H. L., Cohen A. (1987): Abusers of Alcohol and Narcotics: Who are They? Int J Addict. 22: 525-532.
• (22. Barr HL, Cohen A (1980): The problem drinking drug addiction. National Drug/Alcohol Collaborative Project: Issues in Multiple Substance Abuse. US Government Printing Office, Washington. pp. 78-70.
• (23. Barraclough B., Bunch J., Nelson B. (1974): A hundred cases of suicide: Clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry. 25: 350-355.
• (24. Basu D., Malhotra A., Bhagat A., Varma V. K. (1999): Cannabis psychosis and acute schizophrenia: a casecontrol study from India. 5(2): 71-73.
• (25. Beck A. T., Wright F. D., Newman C. F., and Liese B. S. (1993): Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
• (26. Bela G. L. A., Folke J., Von Knorring L., Terenius L., Wahlstrom A. (1978): Endorphins in chronic pain. Differences in CSF endorphin levels between organic and psychogenic pain syndromes. Pain. 5: 153-162.
• (27. Bell M. (1911): Morphine and morphinomania. NYS Med J. 93: 680-682.
• (28. Bellodi L., Battaglia M., Migone P. (1993): Disturbo di Personalità antisociale. In G. B. Cassano, P. Pancheri, L. Pavan, A. Pazzagli, L. Ravizza, R. Rossi, E. Smeraldi, V. Volterra Eds, Trattato Italiano di Psichiatria. Masson, Milano. pp. 1997-2002.
• (29. Benjamin J. Li. L., Patterson C., Greenberg B. D., Murphy D. L., Homer D. H. (1996): Population and familiar association between D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of NS. Nat Genet. 12(1): 81-84.
• (30. Berger P. A., Watson S. J., Akil H., Elliot G. R., Rubin R. T., Pfefferbaum A. (1980): Betaendorphin and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 37: 635-640.
• (31. Bernhardson G., Gunne L. M. (1972): Forty-six cases of psychosis in cannabis abusers. Int J Addict. 7: 9-16.
• (32. Bernstein D. P, Cohen P., Skodol A. E., Beziganian S., Brook J. S. (1996): Childhood antecedents of adolescent personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 153: 907-913.
• (33. Bertschy G., Baumann P., Eap C. B., Baetting D. (1994): Probable Metabolic Interaction Between Methadone and Fluvoxamine in Addict Patients. Ther Drug Monit. 16:1: 42-45.
• (34. Bewley T. H., Ben-Arie O., James J. P. (1968): Morbidity and mortality from heroin dependence. Br Med J. 1: 720-725.
• (35. Block J., Block J. H., Keyes S. (1988): Longitudinally foretelling drug usage in adolescence: early childhood personality and environmental precursors. Child Dev. 59: 336-355.
• (36. Boshka S. C., Weisman M. C., Thor D. H. (1966): A technique for inducing aggression in rats utilizing morphine withdrawal. Psychol Rev. 16: 541-543.
• (37. Bowers M. B. Jr, Mazure C. M., Nelson J. C., Jatlow P. I. (1990): Psychotogenic drug use and neuroleptic response. Schizophrenia Bullettin. 16: 81-85.
• (38. Brady K., Anton R., Ballenger J. C., Lydiard R. B., Adinoff B., Selander J. (1990): Cocaine abuse among schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 147: 1164-1167.
• (39. Brady K. T., Killeen T., Jarrell P. (1993): Depression in alcoholic schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 150: 1255-1256.
• (40. Brady K. T., Lydiard R. B. (1992): Bipolar affective disorder and substance abuse. J Clin Pharmacol. 12(1): 17S-22S.
• (41. Brady K. T., Sonne S. C. (1995): The relationship between substance abuse and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 56(3): 19-24.
• (42. Brenner L. M., Karper L. P., Krystal J. H. (1994): Short term use of disulfiram with clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 14: 213-215.
• (43. Brienza R. S., Stein M. D., Chen M., Gogineni A., Sobota M., Maksad J., Hu P., Clarke J. (2000): Depression among needle exchange program and methadone maintenance clients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 18(4): 331-337.
• (44. Buchley P. F. (1998): Substance abuse in schizophrenia. A review. J Clin Psychiatry. 59(S3): 26-30.
• (45. Buckley P., Thompson P., Way L., Meltzer H. Y. (1994): Substance Abuse and clozapine treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 55(9SB): 114-116.
• (46. Buckley P., Thompson P., Way L., Melzer H. Y. (1994): Substance Abuse among patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia: Characteristics and implications for clozapine therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 151: 385-389.
• (47. Budd R. D., Walkin E., Jain N. C., Sneath T. C. (1979): Frequency of use of diazepam in individuals on probation and in methadone maintenance programs. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 6: 511-514.
• (48. Burger G. K., Collins H. A. (1982): Relationship between MMPI and CPI Types of Male Heroin Abusers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 9: 281-287.
• (49. Calabrese J. R., Kimmel S. E., Woyshville M. J., Rapport D. J., Faust C. J., Thompson P. A., Meltzer H. Y. (1996): Clozapine for treatment refractory mania. Am J Psychiatry. 153: 759-764.
• (50. Carney M. W. P., Bacelle L. (1984): Psychosis after cannabis abuse (letter). Br Med J. 288: 1047.
• (51. Cerquetelli G. (1980): La clinica psichiatrica oggi: il sé e gli stati limite. Clin Psichiat. 16: 9-110.
• (52. Chambers C. D. (1972): Characteristics of combined opiate and alcohol abusers. In S. E. Gardner Ed., Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Implication for treatment. NIDA Treatment Research Monograph Series . US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland. pp. 1131-1140.
• (53. Charuvastra C. V., Pannell J., Hopper M., Erhmann M., Blakis M., Ling W. (1976): The medical safety of the combined usage of disulfiram and methadone (pharmacological treatment for alcoholic heroin addicts). ArchGen Psychiatry. 33: 391-393.
• (54. Chein I., Gerard D. L., Lee R. S., and et al. (1964): The road to H: narcotics, delinquency and social policy,Basic Books, New York.
• (55. Chen C. C., Tsai S. Y., Su L. W., Yang T. W., Tsai C. J., Hwu H. G. (1999): Psychiatric co-morbidity among male heroin addicts: differences between hospital and incarcerated subjects in Taiwan. Addiction. 94(6):825-832.
• (56. Chengappa K. N., Ebeling T., Kang J. S., Levine J., Parepally H. (1999): Clozapine reduces severe selfmutilation and aggression in psychotic patients with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 60(7): 477-484.
• (57. Chopra G. S., Smith J. W. (1974): Psychotic reactions following cannabis use in East Indians. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 30: 24-27.
• (58. Ciccone P. E., O’Brien C. P., Manoochehr K. (1980): Psychotropic agents in opiate addiction: A brief review. Int J Addict. 15: 449-513.
• (59. Clerici M., Capitanio C., Garini R., Carta I. (1987): Tossicodipendenza ed interventi psicoterapeutici: Il profi lo psicopatologico del tossicodipendente da eroina. Arch Psicol Neurol Psichiat. 48: 546-559.
• (60. Clerici M., Carta I., Cazzullo C. L. (1989): Substance Abuse and Psychopathology: a diagnostic screening of italian narcotic addicts. Soc Psych. 24: 219-226.
• (61. Cloninger C. R. (1987): A systematic method for clinical description and classifi cation of personality variants. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 44: 573-588.
• (62. Cloninger C. R., Przybeck T. R., Svrakic D. M. (1991): The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: U.S. normative data. Psychol Rep. 69: 1047-1057.
• (63. Cloninger C. R., Svrakic D. M., Przybeck T. R. (1993): A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50: 975-990.
• (64. Clouet D. H. (1982): A Biochemical and Neurophisilogical Comparison of Opioids and Antipsychotics. In K. Verebey Ed., Opioids in mental illness: theories, clinical observations and treatment possibilities. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Vol. 398. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N.Y.
• (65. Cocores J. A., Petel M. D., Gold M. S., Pottash A. C. (1987): Cocaine abuse, attention deficit disorder, and bipolar patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 175(7): 431-432.
• (66. Cohen M. J., Hanbury R., Simmel B. (1978): Abuse of Amitriptyline. JAMA. 240: 1372- 1373.
• (67. Connell P. H. (1958): Amphetamine Psychosis. Maudsley Monographs, n°5. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 15-36.
• (68. Cornelius J. R., Thase M. E., Salloum I. M., Cornelius M. D., Black A., Mann J. J. (1998): Cocaine use associated with increased suicidal behaviour in depressed alcoholics. Addict Behav. 23(1): 119-121.
• (69. Covey L. S., Glassman A. H., Stetner F. (1997): Major depression following smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry. 154: 263-265.
• (70. Craig R. J. (1979): Personality characteristics of heroin addicts: A review of the empirical literature with critique–Part II. Int J Addict. 14: 607-626.
• (71. Craig R. J. (1986): The personality structure of heroin addicts. In S. I. Szara Ed., Neurobiology of Behavioral Control in Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph Series n° 74. NIDA, Rockville, Maryland. pp. 327-368.
• (72. Cronson A. J., Flemenbaum A. (1978): Antagonism of cocaine highs by lithium. Am J Psychiatry. 135: 856- 857.
• (73. Croughlin J. L., Miller J. P., Whitman B. Y. (1981): Alcoholism and Alcohol Dependence in Narcotic Addicts: A Retrospective Study with fi ve years. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 8: 75-80.
• (74. Dackis C. A., Gold M. S. (1983): Opiate addiction and depression: Cause or effect. Drug Alcohol Depend. 11: 105-109.
• (75. Darke S., Swift W., Hall W. (1994): Prevalence, severity and correlates of psychological morbidity among methadone maintenance clients. Addiction. 89(2): 211-217.
• (76. De Jong A. J., Van Den Brink W., Hartveld F. M. (1996): Personality Disorders in Alcoholics and Drug Addicts. Compr Psychiatry. 34(2): 87-94.
• (77. De Leon G., Jainchill N. (1981): Male and Female drug abusers: serial and psychological status 2 years after treatment in a therapeutic community. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 8/4: 465-497.
• (78. De Leon G., Rosenthal M., Brodney K. (1971): Therapeutic Community for drug addicts, long term measurement of emotional changes. Psychol Rep. 29: 595-600.
• (79. De Leon G., Skodon A., Rosenthal M. S. (1973): Phoenix House. Changes in Psychopatology signs of resident drug addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 28: 131-135.
• (80. De Leon G., Wexler H. K., Jainchill N. (1982): The therapeutic community: success and improvement rates 5 years after treatment. Int J Addict. 17/4: 703-747.
• (81. De Maria P. A. Jr, Serota R. D. (1999): A therapeutic use of the methadone fluvoxamine drug interaction. J Addict Dis. 18(4): 5-12.
• (82. Deglon J. J. (1982): Le traitement à long terme des héroïnomanes par la Mèthadone, Editions Mèdicine et Hygiène, Genève.
• (83. DeLeon D. (1984): The Therapeutic Community: Study of Effectiveness. Treatment Research Monograph Series, National Istitute on Drug Abuse, Washington,D.C.
• (84. DeLeon D., Jainchill N. (1981): Male and female drug abusers: Social and psychological status 2 years after treatment in a therapeutic community. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 4: 380-382.
• (85. DeWit H., Uhlenhuth E. H., Pierri J., Johanson C. E. (1987): Individual differences in behavioral and subjective responses to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 11: 52-59.
• (86. Deykin EY, Levy IC, Wells V (1987): Adolescent depression, alcohol and drug abuse. Am J Public Health. 77: 178-182.
• (87. Dilsaver S. (1987): The Pathophysiologies of Substance Abuse and Affective Disorders: An Integrative Model? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 7: 1-10.
• (88. Dixon L. (1999): Dual diagnosis of substance abuse in schizophrenia: Prevalence and impact on outcome. Schizophr Res. 35(S): 93-100.
• (89. Dixon L., Haas G., Weiden P. J., Sweeney J., Frances A. J. (1990): Acute effects of drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical observations and patients’ self report. Schizophr Bull. 16: 69-79.
• (90. Dixon L., Haas G., Weiden P. J., Sweeney J., Frances A. J. (1991): Acute effects of drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: Clinical correlates and reasons for use. Am J Psychiatry. 148: 224-230.
• (91. Dixon L., Hess G., Weiden P., Sweeney J., and Hien D. (1989): Drug abuse in Schizophrenia: clinical aspects and correlates, APA, New York.
• (92. Dorpat T., Woodhall K. (1960): A study of suicide in the Seattle Area. Compr Psychiatry. 1: 340-349.
• (93. Dorus W., Senay E. C. (1980): Depression demographic dimensions, and drug abuse. Am J Psychiatry. 137: 669-704.
• (94. Drake R. E., Wallach M. A. (1989): Substance abuse among the chronic mentally ill. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 40: 1041-1046.
• (95. Dulit R. A., Fyer M. R., Haas G. L., Sullivan T., Frances A. J. (1990): Substance use in Borderline Personality Disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 147: 1002-1007.
• (96. Esbaugh D. M., Dick K. V., Tori D. J. (1982): Typological analysis of MMPI personality patterns of drug dependent females. J Pers. 46: 488-494.
• (97. Estroff T. W., Dackis C. A., Gold M. S., Pottash A. L. C. (1985): Drug abuse and bipolar disorders. Int J Psychiatry Med. 15: 37-40.
• (98. Extein I., Pickard D., Gold M. S., Gold P. W., Pottash A. L. C., Sweeney D. R., Ross R. J., Rebard R., Martin D., Goodwin F. K. (1981): Methadone and morphine in depression. Pharmacol Bull. 17: 29-33.
• (99. Extein I., Pottash A. L. C., Gold M. S. (1982): A possible opioid receptor dysfunction in some depressive disorders. In K. Verebey Ed., Opioids in mental illness: theories, clinical observations and treatment possibilities. Ann. N.Y. Acad. V. 398. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N.Y.
• (100. Fabian W. D., Fishkin S. M. (1991): Psychological absorption:affect investment in marijuana intoxication. J Nerv Ment Dis. 179: 39-43.
• (101. Fanselow M. S., Sigmundi R. H., Bolles R. C. (1980): Naloxone pretreatment enhances shock-eliced aggression. Physiology and Psychology. 8: 369-371.
• (102. Felix R. H. (1944): An appraisal of the personality types of the addict. Am J Psychiatry. 100: 462-460.
• (103. Ferrara S. D., Gessa G. L., Gallimberti L. (1992): Farmacotossicologia e farmacocinetica del GHB. In L. Gallimberti, S. D. Ferrara, G. L. Gessa Eds, Il GHB nel trattamento della dipendenza alcoolica. Addiction Research Foundation of Italy, Padova. pp. 5-14.
• (104. Ferrara S. D., Zotti S., Tedeschi L., Frison G., Castagna F., Gallimberti L., Gessa G. L., Palatini P. (1992): Pharmacokynetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent patients after single and repeated oral doses. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 34: 231-235.
• (105. Fischman M. W., Foltin R. W. (1992): Self-administration of cocaine for humans: a laboratory perspective. In M. W. Fischman, R. W. Foltin Eds, Cocaine: scientifi c and social dimensions. John Wiley and sons, New York. pp. 165-180.
• (106. Flower R. C., Rich C. L., Young D. (1986): San Diego suicide study: II Substance Abuse in Young cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43: 960-962.
• (107. Franckenbourg F. R. (1994): Experience with clozapine in refractory psychotic illness. Standards of care in schizophrenia. Proceedings of a consensus conference. Sandoz Pharmaceutical Corporation, pp. 3-19.
• (108. Franckenbourg F. R., Baldessarrini R. J. (1991): Clozapine: A novel antipsychotic agent. N Engl J Med.@@: 518.
• (109. Galanter M., Castaneda R. (1985): Self-destructive behaviour in the substance abuser. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 8: 250-251.
• (110. Gallimberti L., Ferrara S. D., and Gessa G. L. (1992): Il GHB nel trattamento della dipendenza alcolica, A.R.F.I., Padova.
• (111. Gallimberti L. (1992): Il GHB come anticraving nelle tossicodipendenze. Seminari del Dottorato di Ricerca in Tossicodipendenze. Istituto di Clinica Psichiatrica, Pisa.
• (112. Gastfriend D. R. (1997): Pharmacological treatments for psychiatric symptoms in addiction populations. In N. S. Miller Ed., The principles and practice of addictions in psychiatry. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
• (113. Gawin FH., Allen D., Humblestone B. (1989): Outpatient treatment of “crack” cocaine smocking with fl upenthixol decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46: 322-325.
• (114. Gay G. R., Sheppard D. W. (1972): Sex in the drug culture. Med Asp Hum Sex. 6 (10): 258-263.
• (115. Gerard D. L., Kornetsky C. (1955): Adolescent opiate addiction: a study of control and addict sujects. Psychoanal Q. 19: 457-486.
• (116. Gerner R. H., Catlin D. H., Gorelick D. A., Hui K. K., Li C. H. (1980): Beta-endorphin. Intravenous infusion causes behavioral change in psychiatric inpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 37: 642-647.
• (117. Gerra G., Zaimovic A., Timpano M., Zambelli U., Delsignore R., Brambilla F. (2000): Neuroendocrine correlates of temperamental traits in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 25(5): 479-496.
• (118. Gerston A., Cohen M. J., Stimmel B. (1977): Alcoholism, heroin dependency, and methadone maintenance: alternatives and aids to conventional methods of therapy. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 4: 517-531.
• (119. Gessa G. L. (1992): Nascita di un farmaco per l’alcoolismo: l’acido gamma-idrossibutirrico. In L. Gallimberti, S. D. Ferrara, G. L. Gessa Eds, Il GHB nel trattamento della dipendenza alcoolica. Addiction Research Foundation of Italy, Padova. pp. 3-4.
• (120. Giraud O., Cervo L., Grignaschi G., Samanin R. (1989): Activation of mu opioid receptors in the nucleusraphe dorsalis blocks apomorphine-induced aggression in rats: Serotonin appears not be involved. Brain Res. 488/1-2: 174.
• (121. Glass G. S., Bowers M. B. (1970): Chronic psychosis associated with long-term psychotomimetic drug abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 23: 97-103.
• (122. Glover E. (1956): On the etiology of drug addiction (1932). In E. Glover Ed., On the Early Development of the Mind. International Universities Press, New York. pp. 187-215.
• (123. Glover E. G. (1984): On the aetiology of alcoholism. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1(1): 120- 123.
• (124. Gold M. S., Pottash A. L. C., Sweeney D. R., Martin D., Extein I. (1982): Antimanic, antidepressant, and antipanic effects of opiate: clinical, neuro-anatomical, and biochemical evidence. In K. Verebey Ed., Opioids in mental illness: theories, clinical observations and treatment possibilities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. V. 398. The New York Academy of Sciences,New York, N.Y.
• (125. Gold M. S., Redmond D. E., Donabedian R. K., Goodwin F. K., Extein I. (1978): Increase in serum prolactin by exogenous and endogenous opiates: evidence for antidopamine and antipsychotic effects. Am J Psychiatry. 135: 1415-1416.
• (126. Goldberg J. F., Garno J. L., Portera L., Leon A. C., Kocsis J. H., Whiteside J. E. (1999): Correlates of suicidal ideation in dysphoric mania. J Affect Disord. 56(1): 75-81.
• (127. Goldstein J. M., Siegel J. (1980): Suppression of attack behavior in cats by stimulation of ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 183: 181-192.
• (128. Goodman R. R., Snyder S. H., Kuhar M. J., Young W. S. (1980): Differentiation of delta and mu opiate receptor localizations by light microscopic autoradiography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77: 6239-6243.
• (129. Grande T. P., Wolf A. W., Schubert D. S. P., Patterson M. P., Brocco K. (1984): Association among alcoholism, drug use and antisocial personality: a review of the literature. Psychol Rep. 55: 455-474.
• (130. Grant B. F., Hasin D. S. (1999): Suicidal ideation among the United States drinking population: results from National Longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey. J Stud Alcohol. 60(3): 422-429.
• (131. Green J., Jaffe J. H., Carlisi J., Zaks A. (1978): Alcohol use in the opiate use cycle of the heroin addict. Int J Addict. 13: 1415-1416.
• (132. Griffi ths R. R., McLeod D. R., Bigelow G. E., Liebson I. A., Roache J. D., Nowowieski P. (1984): Comparison of diazepam and oxazepam: preference, likingand extent of abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 229: 501-508.
• (133. Gros C., Pradelles P., Humbert J., Dray F., LeGal LaSalle., Ben Ari Y. (1978): Regional distribution of met-enkephalin within the amygdaloid complex and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neurosci Lett. 10: 193- 196.
• (134. Grove W. M., Eckert E. D., Heston L., Bouchard T. J. Jr., Segal N., Lykken D. T. (1990): Heritability of substance abuse and antisocial behavior: a study of monozygotic twins reared apart. Biol Psychiatry. 27(12): 1293-1304.
• (135. Haddox V., Jacobson M. (1972): Psychological adjustment, mood and personality fluctuations in long term methadone maintenance patients. Int J Addict. 7: 619-627.
• (136. Haney M., Miczek K. A. (1989): Morphine effects on maternal aggression, pup care and analgesia in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 98/1: 68-74.
• (137. Harris D., Batki S. L. (2000): Stimulant psychosis: symptom profile and acute clinical course. American Journal on Addiction. 9(1): 28-37.
• (138. Hartog J., Tusen D. J. (1987): Valium use and abuse by methadone maintainance clients. Int J Addict. 22: 1147-1140.
• (139. Hasin D., Grant B., Endicott J. (1988): Treated and Untreated suicide attempts in substance abuse patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 176: 289-293.
• (140. Hatrick J. A., Dewhurst K. (1970): Delayed psychosis due to LSD. Lancet. 2: 742-744.
• (141. Hendriks W. J. (1971): Use of multifamily counseling groups in treatment of male narcotics addicts. Int J Group Psychother. 21: 34-90.
• (142. Hesselbrock M. N., Meyer R. E., Keener J. J. (1985): Psychopathology in hospitalized alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 42: 1050-1055.
• (143. Higgins S. T. and Silverman K. (1998): Motivating behavior change among illicit-drug abusers, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
• (144. Himmelhoch J. M., Mulla D., Neil J. F., Detre T. P., Kupfer D. J. (1976): Incidence and significance of mixed affective states in a bipolar population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 33: 1062-1067.
• (145. Howard M. O., Kivlahan D., Walker R. D. (1997): Cloninger’s tridimensional theory of personality and psychopathology: applications to substance use disorders. J Stud Alcohol. 58(1): 48-66.
• (146. Hudolin V. (1981): Alcolismo, Arti Grafi che Friulane Ed, Udine.
• (147. Humeniuk R., Ali R., White J., Hall W., and Farrel M. (2000): Proceedings of the expert workshop on induction and stabilisation of patients onto methadone., NIDA, Adelaide.
• (148. Hunt D. E., Strud D. L., Goldsmith D. S. (1986): Alcohol use and abuse: heavy drinking among methadone clients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 12: 147-140.
• (149. Hunt W. A., Dalton T. K. (1976): Regional brain acetylcholine levels in rats acutely treated with ethanol or rendered ethanol-dependence. Brain Res. 109: 628-631.
• (150. Imade A. G. T., Ebie J. C. (1991): A retrospective study of symptom patterns of cannabisinduced psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 83: 134-136.
• (151. Inman D. J., Bascue L. O., Scoloda T. (1985): Identifi cations of borderline personality disorders among substance abuse in-patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2/4: 229-232.
• (152. Inturrisi C. E., Alexopoulos G. S., Lipman R. S., Foley K., Rossier J. (1982): Beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in the plasma of psychiatric patients receiving electroconvulsive treatment. In K. Verebey Ed., Opioids in mental illness: theories, clinical observations and treatment possibilities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. V. 398. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N.Y.
• (153. Iribarne C., Picart D., Dreano Y., Berthou F. (1998): In vitro interactions between fluoxetine or fluvoxamine and methadone or buprenorphine. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 12(2): 194-199.
• (154. Jacobs P. E., Doft E. B., Koger J. (1981): A study of SCL-90 scores of 264 methadone patients in treatment. Int J Addict. 16: 541-548.
• (155. Jainchill N., De Leon G., Pinkham L. (1986): Psychiatric diagnosis among substance abusers in therapeutic community treatment. J Psychoactive Drugs. 18/3: 209-213.
• (156. Janowsky D. S., Segal D. S., Bloom F. E., Abrams A., Guillemin R. (1977): Lack of effect of naloxone on schizophrenic symptoms . Am J Psychiatry. 134: 926-927.
• (157. Jasinski D. R., Nutti J. G., Haertzen C. A., Griffi th J. D. (1977): Lithium: Effects on subjective functioning and morphine-induced euphoria. Science. 195: 582-584.
• (158. Jensen J. (1974): The effect of prolonged lithium ingestion on morphine actions in the rat. Acta Pharmacologica Tossicologica. 35: 395-402.
• (159. Judd L. L., Hubbard B., Janowsky D. S., Hubbard B., Huey L. Y., Attewell P. A. (1977): The effect of lithium carbonate on affect, mood and personality of normal subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 34: 346-351.
• (160. Kalin N. H., Shelton S. E. (1989): Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys: Environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science. 243: 1718-1721.
• (161. Kane J. (1997): What can we achieve by implementing a compliance-improvement 87 program? Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 12(S): 43-46.
• (162. Kaplan C. D., Wogan M. (1978): The psychoanalytic theory of addiction: A reevaluation by use of a statistical model. Am J Psychoanal. 38: 317-326.
• (163. Karper L. P., Freeman G. K., Grillon C., Morgan C. A. R., Charney D. S., Krystal J. H. (1996): Preliminaryevidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 8: 60-66.
• (164. Keenan E., Gervin M., et al. (1993): Psychosis and recreational use of MDMA (ecstasy). Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 10: 162-163.
• (165. Kendler K. S., Gardner C. O. Jr. (1998): Twin studies of adult psychiatric and substance dependence disorders: are they biased by differences in the environmental experiences of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in childhood and adolescence? Psychol Med. 28(3): 625-633.
• (166. Kernberg O. (1978): Sindromi marginali e narcisismo patologico, Boringhieri, Torino.
• (167. Kessler R. C., McGonagle K. A., Zhao S., Nelson C. B., Hughes M., Eshleman S., Wittchen H. V. Kendler H. S. (1994): Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 51: 8-19.
• (168. Khantzian E. J. (1980): An ego/self theory of substance dependence: a contemporary psychoanalitic perspective. In D. J. Lettieri, M. Sayers, H. W. Pearson Eds, Theories on drug abuse. Selected contemporary perspectives. Nida Research Monograph 30. N.I.D.A., Rockville. pp. 184-191.
• (169. Khantzian E. J. (1985): Psychoterapeutic interventions with substance abusers: the clinical contest. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2(2): 83-88.
• (170. Khantzian E. J. (1985): The self-medicatio hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 142: 1259-1264.
• (171. Khantzian E. J., Treece C. (1985): DSM-III psychiatric diagnosis of narcotic addicts: Recent fi ndings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 42: 1067-1077.
• (172. Khantzian E. J., Treece C. D. (1979): Heroin addiction: the diagnostic dilemma for Psychiatry. In R. W. Pickens, L. L. Heston Eds, Psychiatric Factors in Drug Abuse. Grune and Stratton, New York, NY. pp. 21-45.
• (173. Kidorf M., Hollander J. R., King V. L., Brooner R. K. (1998): Increasing employement of opioid dependent outpatients: An intensive behavioral intervention. Drug Alcohol Depend. 50: 73-80.
• (174. Kleber G. E. (1989): Treatment of drug dependence: what works. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1: 81-100.
• (175. Kleber H. D. (1977): Methadone maintenance treatment -A Reply. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 4: 267-272.
• (176. Kleber H. D., Gold M. S. (1978): Use of psychotropic drugs in treatment of methadone maintained narcotic addicts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 311: 81-98.
• (177. Kleber H. D., Weissman M. M., Rounsaville B. J. (1983): Imipramine as treatment for depression in addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 40: 649-653.
• (178. Kleber H. D., Weissman M. M., Rounsaville B. J., Prusoff B. A., Wilbur C. H. (1983): Imipramine as treatment for depression in opiate addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 40: 649-653.
• (179. Kleinman P. H., Miller A. B., Woody G. E. (1990): Psychopatology among cocaine abusers entering in treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis. 178: 442-447.
• (180. Kline N. S., Li C. H., Lehmann E., Lajtha A., Laski E., Cooper T. (1977): Beta-endorphininduced changes in schizophrenic and depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 34: 111- 113.
• (181. Kohut H. (1971): The analysis of the self, International Universities Press, New York, NY.
• (182. Kolb L. C. (1925): Types and characteristics of drug addicts. Ment Hyg. 9: 300-313.
• (183. Kolmen B. K., Feldman H. M., Handen B. L., et al. (1995): Naltrexone in young autistic children: a double blind placebo controlled cross-over study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 34(2): 223-231.
• (184. Korin H. (1974): Comparison of psychometric measures in psychiatric patients using heroin and other drugs. J Abnorm Psychol. 83: 208-212.
• (185. Kosten T. R., Rounsaville B. J., Kleber H. D. (1983): Relationship of depression to psychosocial stressors in heroin addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis. 171: 97-104.
• (186. Kosten T. R., Rounsaville B. J., Kleber H. D. (1986): A 2.5 year follow-up of depression, life crises, and treatment effects on abstinence among opioid addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43: 733-738.
• (187. Kosten T. R., Rounsaville J., Kleber H. B. (1982): DSM III Personality Disorders in opiate addicts. Compr Psychiatry. 23: 572-581.
• (188. Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ, Kleber HD (1985): Parental alcoholism in opioid addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis. 173: 461-469.
• (189. Kraepelin E. (1921): Manic-Depressive Illness and Paranoia., Livingstone, Edinburgh.
• (190. Kraepelin E. (1976): Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Translated by RM Barclay, Arno Press, New York, NY, USA.
• (191. Krausz M., Degkwitz P., Haasen C., Verthein U. (1996): Opioid addiction and suicidality. Crisis. 17(4): 175-181.
• (192. Krausz M., Verthein U., Dekwitz P. (1998): Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in opiate dependent patients in contact with the drug treatment system. Nervenarzt. 69(7): 557-567.
• (193. Kristal J. H., D’souza D. C., Madonick S., Petrakis I. L. (1999): Toward rational pharmacotherapy of comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res. 35(S): 35-39.
• (194. Kryspin-Exner K., Demel I. (1975): The use of tranquilizer in the treatment of mixed drug abuse. Int J Clin harmacol. 12: 13-18.
• (195. Krystal J. H. and Raskin H. A. (1970): Drug Dependence Aspects of Ego Function, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
• (196. Kurtines W, Hogan R, Weiss D (1975): Personality dynamic of heroin use. J Abnorm Psychol. 84: 87-89.
• (197. Lacoursiere R. B., Swatek R. (1983): Adverse interaction between disulfiram and marijuana: a case report. Am J Psychiatry. 140(2): 243-244.
• (198. Lahmeyer H. W., Channon R. A., Schlemmer F. J. (1988): Psychoactive substance abuse. In J. A. Flaherty, R. A. Channon, J. Devis Eds, Psychiatry Diagnosis and Therapy. Appletone Lange, San Mateo, CA.
• (199. Lefcourt H. M., Telegdi M. S. (1971): Perceived locus of control and field dependence as predictors of cognitive activity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 37(1): 53-56.
• (200. Lehman W. X., De Angelis G. C. (1972): Adolescents, methadone, and psychoterapeutic agents. Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Methadone Treatment. National Association for the Prevention of the Addiction to Narcotics, New York, NY. pp. 95-104.
• (201. Lemere F., Smith J. W. (1990): Hypomanic personality trait in cocaine addiction. Br J Addict. 85(4): 575- 576.
• (202. Levinson I., Rosenthal R. N. (1995): Methadone withdrawal psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 56(2): 73-76.
• (203. Ling W., Weiss D. G., Charuvastra V. C., O’Brien C. P. (1983): Use of disulfi ram for alcoholics in methadone maintenance programs. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 40: 851 854.89
• (204. Linnoila M. I. (1989): Anxiety and Alcoholism. J Clin Psychiatry. 50: 26-29.
• (205. Loh E. A., Fitch T., Vickers G, Roberts D. C. (1992): Clozapine increases breaking points on a progressiveratio-schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 42: 559-562.
• (206. Luthar S. S., Anton S. F., Merinkagas K. R., Rounsaville B. J. (1992): Vulnerability to substance abuse and psychopathology among siblings of opioid abusers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 180: 153-161.
• (207. Lysaker P., Bell M. (1994): Insight and cognitive impairement in Schizophrenia: Performance on repeated administration of the Winsconsin card sorting test. J Nerv Ment Dis. 182: 656-660.
• (208. Madden J. D., Chappel J. M., Zuspan F., Gumpel J., Mejia A., Davis R. (1977): Observation and treatment of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 127: 190-199.
• (209. Mamelak M. (1989): Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 13: 187-198.
• (210. Marcus P., Snyder R. (1995): Reduction of comorbid substance abuse with clozapine. Am J Psychiatry. 152: 959.
• (211. Maremmani I., Balestri C., Sbrana A., Tagliamonte A. (2003): Substance (ab)use during methadone and naltrexone treatment. Interest of adequate methadone dosage. J Maint Addictions. 2(1-2): 19-36.
• (212. Maremmani I., Canoniero S., Pacini M. (2000): Methadone dose and retention in treatment of heroin addicts with Bipolar I Disorder comorbidity. Preliminary Results. Heroin Add & Rel Clin Probl. 2(1): 39-46.
• (213. Maremmani I., Canoniero S., Pacini M., Lazzeri A., Placidi G. F. (2000): Opioids and cannabinoids abuse among bipolar patients. Heroin Add & Rel Clin Probl. 2(2): 35-42.
• (214. Maremmani I., Capone M. R., Aglietti M., Castrogiovanni P. (1994): Heroin dependence and Bipolar Disorders. New Trends Exper Clin Psychiatry. X: 179-182.
• (215. Maremmani I., Daini L. (2000): Sintomi di Comorbidità Psichiatrica durante il trattamento della dipendenza da eroina. Boll Farmacodip e Alcoolis. 23(1): 29-38.
• (216. Maremmani I., Daini L., Zolesi O., Castrogiovanni P. (1992): Use of Fluoxetine in heroin addiction . Br J Psychiatry. 160: 570-571.
• (217. Maremmani I., Lamanna F., Tagliamonte A. (2001): GHB (Sodium Gamma-hydroxybutyrate) long term therapy in treatment-resistant chronic alcoholics. J Psychoactive Drugs. 33(2): 135-142.
• (218. Maremmani I., Lazzeri A., Canoniero S, Aglietti M., Placidi G. F. (1999): Abuso di Sostanze e Psicosi Croniche. Giorn Ital Psicopat. 5(3): 290-303.
• (219. Maremmani I., Marini G., Castrogiovanni P., Deltito J. (1996): The effectiveness of the combination Fluoxetine-Naltrexone in Bulimia Nervosa. Eur Psychiatry. 11: 322-324.
• (220. Maremmani I., Marini G., Fornai F. (1998): Naltrexone induced Panic Attacks. Am J Psychiatry. 155(3):447.
• (221. Maremmani I., Nardini R., Zolesi O., Castrogiovanni P. (1994): Methadone Dosages and Therapeutic Compliance During a Methadone Maintenance Program. Drug Alcohol Depend. 34: 163-166.
• (222. Maremmani I., Shinderman M. S. (1999): Alcohol, benzodiazepines and other drugs use in heroin addicts treated with methadone. Polyabuse or undermedication? Heroin Add & Rel Clin Probl. 1(2): 7-13.
• (223. Maremmani I., Tagliamonte A. (2000): It is possible a long-term pharmacotherapy for alcoholics patients? Some observations and evidences. Alcologia. 12(2): 71-81.
• (224. Maremmani I., Zolesi O., Aglietti M., Marini G., Tagliamonte A., Shinderman M. S., Maxwell S. (2000): , Methadone Dose and Retention in Treatment of Heroin Addicts with Axis I Psychiatric Comorbidity. J Addict Dis. 19(2): 29-41.
• (225. Maremmani I., Zolesi O., Agueci T., Castrogiovanni P. (1993): Methadone Doses and Psychopathological Symptoms during Methadone Maintenance. J Psychoactive Drugs. 25(3): 253-263.
• (226. Maremmani I., Zolesi O., Daini L., Castrogiovanni P., Tagliamonte A. (1995): Fluoxetine improves;outcome in Addicted Patients Treated With Opioid Antagonists. Am J Addict. 4(3): 267-271.
• (227. Martin J., Ingles J. (1965): Pain tolerance and narcotic addiction. Br J Soc Psychol. 4: 224-229.
• (228. Martin W. R. (1972): Pathophysiology of narcotic addiction: possible role of protracted abstinence in relapse. In C. J. D. Zarafonetis Ed., Drug abuse. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. pp. 153-159.
• (229. Martin W. R., Hewett B. B., Baken A. J., Heartzen C. A. (1977): Aspects of the psychopathology and pathophysiology of addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2: 185-202.
• (230. Martin W. R., Jasinski D. R. (1969): Physiological parameters of morphine dependence in man, early abstinence, protracted abstinence. J Psychiatr Res. 7: 9-17.
• (231. Martin W. R., Jasinski D. R., Mansky P. A. (1973): Naltrexone, an antagonist for the treatment of heroin dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 28: 784-791.
• (232. Marzuk P. M., Mann J. J. (1988): Suicide and Substance abuse. Psychiat Ann. 18: 630-639.
• (233. Mason B. J., Kocsis J. H., Melia D., Khuri E. T., Sweeney J., Wells A., Borg L., Millman R. B., Kreek M. J. (1998): Psychiatric comorbidity in methadone maintened patients. J Addict Dis. 17(3): 75-89.
• (234. Mc Kenna G. J. (1973): The use of methadone as a psychotropic agent. Nat Conf Methadone Treat Proc. 5: 1317-1324.
• (235. McEvoy J, Freudenreich O., Levin E., Rose G. E. (1995): Halopéridol increases smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 119: 124-126.
• (236. McEvoy J, Freudenreich O., McGee M., VanderZwaag C., Levin E., Rose J. (1995): Clozapine decrease smoking in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 37: 550-552.
• (237. McLellan A. T. (1986): “Psychiatric severity” as a predictor of outcome from substance abuse treatments. In R. E. Meyer Ed., Psychopathology and Addictive Disorders. Guilford Press, New York.
• (238. McLellan A. T., Arndt I. O., Metzger D. S., Woody G. E., O’Brien C. P. (1993): The effects of psychological services in substance abuse treatment. JAMA. 269: 1953-1959.
• (239. McLellan A. T., Luborsky L., Woody G. E., Druley K. A., O’Brien C. P. (1983): Predicting response to alcohol and drug abuse treatments: role of psychiatric severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 40: 620-625.
• (240. McLellan A. T., O’Brien C. P., Kron R., Druley K. A., Alterman A. I. (1980): Matching substance abuse patients to appropriate treatments. Drug Alcohol Depend. 5(3): 189-195.
• (241. McLellan A. T., Woody G. E., O’Brien C. P. (1979): Development of psychiatric illness in drug abusers: Possible role of drug preference. N Engl J Med. 301: 1310-1314.
• (242. Mehrabian A., O’Reilly E. (1988): Personality correlates of habitual alcohol use. Int J Addict. 23(2): 175-182.
• (243. Meltzer H. Y. (1991): The mechanism of action of novel antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Bull. 17: 263-287.
• (244. Mezzich J. E., Ahn C. W., Fabrega H. (1990): Patterns of Psychatric Comorbidity in a large popuation presenting for care. In J. D. Maser, C. R. Cloninger Eds, Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington.
• (245. Miles C. P. (1977): Conditions predisponing to suicide: a review. J Nerv Ment Dis. 164: 230-231.
• (246. Milkman H., Frosch W. (1973): On the preferential abuse of heroin and amphetamines. J Nerv Ment Dis. 156(4): 242-248.
• (247. Miller F. T., Busch F., Tanenbaum J. H. (1989): Drug abuse in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 15(3): 291-295.
• (248. Mino A., Bousquet A., Broers B. (1999): Substance abuse and drug related death, suicidal ideation and suicide: a review. Crisis. 20(1): 28-35.
• (249. Mintz J., O’Brien C. P., Woody G. E., Beck A. T. (1979): Depression in treated narcotic addicts, ex addicts, non addicts, and suicide attempters: Validation of a very brief depression scale. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 6: 385-396.
• (250. Miotto K., McCann M. J., Rawson R. A., Frosch D., Ling W. (1997): Overdose, suicide attemps and death among a cohort of naltrexone treated opioid addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend. 45(1-2): 131-134.
• (251. Mirin S. M., Weiss R., Michael J., Griffi n M. (1988): Psychopathology in substance abusers: Diagnosis and treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 14(2): 139-157.
• (252. Mirin S. M., Weiss R. D. (1991): Psychiatric Comorbidity in Drug/Alcohol Addiction. In Miller NS Ed., Comprehensive Handbook of Drug and Alcohol Addiction. Mercel Dekker,Inc, White Plains, New York. pp. 65- 77.
• (253. Mirin S. M., Weiss R. D. (1991): Substance abuse and mental illness. In Frances RJ, Miller SI Eds, Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders. Guilford Press, New York.
• (254. Mirin S. N., Weiss R. D., Griffi n M. L., Michael J. L. (1991): Psychopathology in drug abusers and their families. Compr Psychiatry. 32: 36-51.
• (255. Mirin S. R., Meyer R. E., McNamee B. (1976): Psychopatology and mood duration in heroin use: Acute and chronic effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 33: 1503-1508.
• (256. Moreno Brea M. R., Rojas Corrales O., Gibert-Rahola J, Mico J. A. (1999): Drug interactions of methadone with CNS-active agents. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 27(2): 103-110.
• (257. Moss M. S., Glazer E. J., Basbaum A. (1983): The peptidergic organization of the cat periaqueductal gray: I. The distribution of immunoreactive enkephalin-containing neurons and terminals. J Neurosci. 3: 603-616.
• (258. Mueser K. T., Bennett M., Kushner M. G. (1995): Epidemiology of substance use disorder among persons with chronic mental illness. In A. F. Lehman, L. B. Dixon Eds, Double Jeopardy: Chronic mental illness and substance use disorder. Harwood Academic Publisher, Bern. pp. 9-26.
• (259. Mueser K. T., Nishith P., Tracy J. I., Di Girolamo J., Molinaro M. (1995): Expectations and motives for substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 21: 367-378.
• (260. Mueser K. T., Yarnold P. R., Bellack A. S. (1992): Diagnostic and Demographic correlates of substance abuse in schizophrenia and major affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 85: 48-55. 261. Mueser K. T., Yarnold P. R., Levinson D. F., Singh H., Bellack A. S., Kee K., Morrison R. L., Yadalam K. G. (1990): Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: Demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophrenia Bullettin. 16: 31-56.
• (262. Murphy J. M., Waller M. B., Gatto GJ. (1988): Effects of fl uoxetina on the intragastric self-administration of ethanol in the alcohol preferring P line of rats. Alcohol. 5: 283-286.
• (263. Nace E. P. (1990): Personality disorder in the alcoholic patient. Psychiat Ann. 19: 256-260.
• (264. Naditch M. P. (1974): Acute adverse reaction to psychoactive drugs, drug use and psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol. 83: 394-403.
• (265. NIDA (1987): National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1985. DHSS Pub. No. (ADM) 87, NIDA, Rockville,Ml, USA.
• (266. Nisle A., Robinowitz R., and Penk J. R. (1979): An empirical test of anhedonia in compulsive use of illicit drugs, VAMC, Drug Abuse Program, Dallas, Texas.
• (267. Nunes E. V., McGrath P. J., Quitkin F. M., Stewart J. P., Harrison W., Tricamo E., Ocepek- Welikson K. (1993): Imopramine treatment of alcoholism with comorbid depression. Am J Psychiatry. 150: 963-965.
• (268. Nunes E. V., Quitkin F. M., Brady R., Stewart J. W. (1991): Imipramine treatment of methadone maintenance patients with affective disorders and illicit drug use. Am J Psychiatry. 148: 667-669.
• (269. Nunes EV., McGrath PJ., Wager S. (1990): Lithium treatment for cocaine abusers with bipolar spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 147: 655-657.
• (270. O’Doherty F., Davies J. B. (1987): Life events and addiction: a critical review. Br J Addict. 82(2): 127-137.
• (271. Pacini M. (1998-1999): Personalità, temperamento e uso di sostanze. Revisione della letteratura e contributo sperimentale, Tesi di Laurea in Medicina, Università di Pisa.
• (272. Pacini M., Maremmani I. (2001): Il problema della personalità tossicofi lica nella patogenesi del Disturbo da Uso di Sostanze Psicoattive. Revisione della letteratura e recenti acquisizioni. Giorn Ital Psicopat. 7(2): 185- 199.
• (273. Pancheri P. (1985): La ricerca di nuove terapie antipsicotiche: i neuropeptidi. In G. C. Reda, P. Pancheri Eds, Terapia della schizofrenia. Il Pensiero Scientifi co Ed, Roma.
• (274. Pani P. P., Agus A., Gessa G. L. (1999): Methadone as a mood stabilizer [Letter]. Heroin Add & Rel Clin Probl. 1(1): 43-44.
• (275. Panksepp J. (1979): A neurochemical theory of autism. Trends Neurosci. 2: 174-177.
• (276. Penick E. C., Powell B. J., Liskow B., Jackson J. O., Nickel E. J. (1988): The stability of coexisting psychiatric syndromes in alcoholic men after one year. J Stud Alcohol. 49: 395-405.
• (277. Penk W. E. (1981): Assessing the substance abuser with the MMPI. Clinical notes on the MMPI, La Roche,Nutley.
• (278. Penk W. E., Robinowitz R. (1982): Personality differences of heroin addicts and polydrug abusers. In CraigR, Baker S Eds, Drug dependent patients: treatment and research. Charles Thomas, Springfi eld. pp. 187-219.
• (279. Penk W. E., Robinowitz R., Roberts M. (1981): MMPI difference of male hispanicamerican, black and white heroin addicts. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology. 49: 488-490.
• (280. Perretta P., Akiskal H. S., Nisita C., Lorenzetti C., Zaccagnini E., Della Santa M., Cassano G. B. (1998):The high prevalence of bipolar II and associated cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments in HIV-patients. J Affect Disord. 50(2-3): 215-224.
• (281. Perugi G., Frare F., Madaro D., Maremmani I., Akiskal H. S. (2002): Alcohol abuse in social phobic patients: is there a bipolar connection? J Affect Disord. 68(1): 33-39.
• (282. Petrakis I. L, Carroll K. M., Nich C., Gordon L. T., McCance-Katz E. F., Frankforter T., Rounsaville B. J. (2000): Disulfi ram treatment for cocaine dependence in methadonemaintained opioid addicts. Addiction. 95(2): 219-228.
• (283. Pfeffer A. Z., Ruble D. C. (1946): Chronic psychoses and addiction to morphine. Arch Neurol Psichiat. 56:655-672.
• (284. Pichot P. (1960): La nosologie des états depréssifs. Bases éthiologiques. Acte Psychosom. Doc. Geigy.
• (285. Pickard D., Davis G. C., Schulz S. C., Extein I., Wagner R., Naber D., Gold P. W., Van Kammen D. P., Goodwin F. K., Wyatt R. J., Li C. H., Bunney W. Ejr. (1981): Behavioral nd biological effects of acute betaendorphin injection in schizophrenic and depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry. 138: 160-166.
• (286). Pickens R. W., Svikis D. S., McGue M., et al. (1991): Heterogeneity in the inheritance of alcoholism: a study of male and female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48: 19-28.
• (287). Pilowsky I., Katsikitis M. (1983): Depressive illness and dependency. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 68: 11-14. 93
• (288). Pirkola S. P., Isometsa E. T., Heikkinen M. E., Henriksson M. M., Marttunen M. J., Lonnqvist J. K. (1999): Female psychoactive substance dependent suicide victims differ from male-results frm a nationwide psychological autopsy study. Compr Psychiatry. 40(2): 101-107.
• (289). Platt J. J., Scurra W. (1975): Peer adjustement of parole success in institutionalized heroin addicts: personality correlates and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 21: 511-515.
• (290). Pope H. G. (1979): Drug Abuse and Psychopatology. N Engl J Med. 301/24: 1341-1342.
• (291). Post R. (1975): Cocaine Psychosis: a continuum model. Am J Psychiatry. 132: 225-230.
• (292). Prusoff B. A., Thompson D. W., Sholomskas D., Riordan C. E. (1977): Psychosocial stressors and depression among former heroin dependent patients maintained on methadone. J Nerv Ment Dis. 165: 57-63.
• (293). Puglisi-Allegra S., Oliverio A. (1981): Naloxone potentiates shock-induced aggressive behavior in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 15: 513-514.
• (294). Puglisi-Allegra S., Oliverio A., Mandel P. (1982): Effects of opiate antagonists on social and aggressive behavior of isolated mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 17: 691-694.
• (295). Rado S. (1984): The psychoanalysis of pharmacothymia (drug addiction). J Subst Abuse Treat. 1: 59-68.
• (296). Rao R., Yamano M., Shinsaka S., Shinohara A., Tohya M. (1987): Origin of leucineenkephalinfi bers and their two main afferent pathways in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat. Exp Brain Res. 65: 411-420.
• (297). Regier D. A., Farmer M. E., Rae D. S., Locke B. Z., Keith S. J., Judd L. J., Goodwin F. K. (1990): Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA. 264: 2511-2518.
• (298). Reid W. H. (1978): The psychopathology: a comprehensive study of antisocial disorders and behavior, Wiley, New York.
• (299). Renaud J., Brent D. A, Birmaher B, Chiappetta L., Bridge J. (1999): Suicide in Adolescents with disruptive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 38(7): 846-851.
• (300). Resnick R. B., Fink M., Freedmann A. M. (1970): A cyclazocine typology in opiate dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 126: 1256-1260.
• (301). Resnick R. B., Schuyten E., Cooper L., Schwartz L. (1974): Narcotic antagonists: a point of view concerning treatment approaches. NIDA, Rokville.
• (302). Resnick R. B., Schuyten-Resnick E., Washton A. (1979): Narchotic antagonists in the treatment of opioid dependence: review and commentary. Compr Psychiatry. 20: 116-125.
• (303). Rich C. L., Fowler R. C., Young D. (1989): Substance abuse and suicide: the S.Diego study. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1: 70-79.
• (304). Robins P. R. (1974): Depression and drug addiction. Psychoanal Q. 48: 375-386.
• (305). Rodgers R. J., Hendrie C. A. (1984): On the role of endogenous opioid mechanism in offense and defense and nociception. In K. A. Miczek, M. R. Kruk, B. Oliver Eds, Ethopharmacological Aggression Research. Riss, A.L., Inc, New York. pp. 27-41.
• (306). Roehric H., Gold M. S. (1986): Diagnosis of substance abuse in an adolescent psychiatric population. Int J Psychiatry Med. 16/2: 137-143.
• (307). Ross H. E., Glasser F. B., Germanson T. (1988): The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 45: 1023-1032.
• (308). Rothaizer J. M. (1980): Typological study of substance abusers using the MMPI. J Clin Psychol. 36: 1019- 1021.
• (309). Rottanburg D., Robins A. H., Oved B., Ben-Arie O., Teggin A., Elk R. (1982): Cannabisassociated psychosis with hypomanic features. Lancet. 18(2): 1364-1366.
• (310). Rounsaville B. J. (1985): Epidemiology of drug use and abuse in adults. In J. O. Cavenar Ed., Psychiatry. Basic Books Inc, New York. pp. 137-143.
• (311). Rounsaville B. J., Cacciola J., Weissman M. M., Kleber H. D. (1981): Diagnostic concordance in a followup study of opiate addicts. J Psychiatr Res. 16: 191-201.
• (312). Rounsaville B. J., Dolinsky Z. S., Babor T. F., Meyer R. E. (1987): Psychopathology as a predictor of treatment outcome in alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 44: 505-513.
• (313). Rounsaville B. J., Eyre S., Weissman M. M., Kleber H. D. (1983): The antisocial opiate addict. Adv Alcohol Substance Abuse. 2: 29-42.
• (314). Rounsaville B. J., Kleber H. D. (1986): Psychiatric disorders in opiate addicts: preliminary fi ndings on the cause and interaction with program type. In R. E. Meyer Ed., Psychopathology and Addictive Disorders. Guilford, New York. pp. 140-168.
• (315). Rounsaville B. J, Kosten T. R., Kleber H. D. (1986): Long-term changes in current psychiatric diagnoses oftreated opiate addicts. Compr Psychiatry. 27: 480-498.
• (316). Rounsaville B. J., Kosten T. R., Weissman M. M., and Kleber H. D. (1985): Evaluating and Treating Depressive Disorders in Opiate Addicts, NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland.
• (317). Rounsaville B. J., Rosenberger P. H., Wilber C. H., Weissman M. M., Kleber H. B. (1980): A comparison of the SAD/RDC and the DSM-III, Diagnosing drug abusers. J Nerv MentDis. 168: 90-97.
• (318). Rounsaville B. J., Tierney T., Crits-Christoph K., Weissman M. M., Kleber H. B. (1982): Predictors of outcome in treatment of opiate addicts: Evidence for the multidimensional nature of addicts’ problems. Compr Psychiatry. 23: 462-478.
• (319). Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Crits-Chrispoph K., Wilher K., Kleber H. B. (1982): Diagnosis and symptoms of depression in opiate addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 39: 151-156.
• (320). Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Crits-Christoph K., Wilber C. H., Kleber H. B.(1982): Diagnosis and symptoms of depression in opiate addicts: Course and relationship to treatment outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 39: 156-161.
• (321). Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Kleber H., Wilber C. (1982): Heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnosis in treated opiate addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 39: 161-166.
• (322). Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Kleber H. B. (1982): The significance of alcoholism in treated opiate addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis. 170: 479-488.
• (323). Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Kleber H. D. (1983): An evaluation of depression in opiate addicts. Res Commun Ment Health. 3: 257-289.
• (324). Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Rosenberger P. H., Wilbur C. H., Kleber H. D. (1979): Detecting depressive disorders in drug abusers: a comparison of screening instruments. J Affect Disord. 1: 255-267.
• (325). Rounsaville B. J., Weissman M. M., Wilber C. H., Kleber H. D. (1982): The heterogeneity of psychiatry disorders in treated opiate addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 39: 161-166.
• (326). Satel S. L., Edell W. S. (1991): Cocaine-induced paranoia and psychosis proneness. Am J Psychiatry. 148: 1708-1711.
• (327). Schifano F. (1991): Chronic atypical psychosis associated with MDMA (ecstasy) abuse (letter). Lancet. 338: 1335.
• (328). Schimidt LG, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Schlunder M (1987): Benzodiazepines and barbiturates in chronic alcoholic and opiate addicts. Dtsch Med. 112: 1849-1840.
• (329). Schneier F. R., Siris S. G. (1987): A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in Shizophrenia: patterns of drug choice . J Nerv Ment Dis. 175: 641-650.
• (330). Scrima L., Hartman P. G., Johnson Jr F. H., Hiller F. C. (1989): Effi cacy of gammahydroxibutyrrate Vs placebo in treating narcolepsy cataplexy; double-blind subjective measures. Biol Psychiatry. 26: 331-343.
• (331). Sellers E. M., Ciraulo D. A., DuPont R. L., Griffi ths R. R., Kosten T. R., Romach M. K., Woody G. E. (1993): Alprazolam and benzodiazepine dependence. J Clin Psychiatry. 54 (sup 10): 64-75.
• (332). Senay E. C. (1981): Multimodality programming in Illinois: evolution of a public health concept. In J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz Eds, Substance Abuse: Clinical Problem and Perspectives. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, ML. pp. 365-382.
• (333). Shaikh M. B., Brutus M., Siegel H. E., Siegel A. (1984): Differential control of aggression by the midbrain. Exp Neurol. 83: 436-442.
• (334). Shaikh M. B., Brutus M., Siegel H. E., Siegel A. (1986): Regulation of feline aggression by the bed nucleus of stria terminalis. Brain Res Bull. 16: 179-182.
• (335). Shaikh M. B., Dalsass M., Siegel A. (1990): Opiodergic Mechanisms Mediating Aggressive Behavior in the cat. Aggress Behav. 16: 191-206.
• (336). Shaikh M. B., Shaikh A. B., Siegel A. (1988): Opioid peptides within the midbrain periaqueductal gray suppress affective defense behavior in the cat. Peptides. 9: 999-1004.
• (337). Shaikh M. B., Siegel A. (1989): Naloxone induced modulation of feline aggression elicited from midbrain periaqueductal gray. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 31: 791-796.
• (338). Shaikl M. B., Barret J. A., Siegel A. (1987): The pathways mediating affective defense and quiet biting attack behavior from the midbrain central gray of the cat: An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 437: 9-25.
• (339). Shannon H. E., Holtzman S. G., Davis D. C. (1976): Interactions between narcotic analgesics and benzodiazepine derivatives on behavior in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 199: 389-399.
• (340). Shaw B. F., Steer R. A., Beck A. T., Schut J. (1979): Structure of depression in heroin addicts. Br J Addict. 74: 295-303.
• (341). Sherwood Brown E., Suppes T., Adinoff B., Ryan Thomas N. (2001): Drug abuse and bipolar disorder: comorbidity or misdiagnosis? J Affect Disord. 65(2): 105-115.
• (342). Sideroff S. N., Charauwasta V. C., Farvik M. E. (1978): Craving in heroin addicts maintained on the opiate antagonist Naltrexone. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 5: 415-423.
• (343). Sijuwola O. A. (1986): Comparative study of psychosis associated with cannabis. West Afr J Med. 5: 271-276.
• (344). Silvestrini B. (1995): Malati di droga.Le sostanze d’abuso;danni fi sici e psichici,reazione individuale,difese, Sperling e Kupfer, Milano.
• (345). Siris S. G. (1990): Pharmacological treatment of substance-abusing schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull. 16(1): 111-122.
• (346). Siris S. G., Bermanzohn P. C., Mason S. E., Shuwall M. A. (1991): Antidepressants for substance-abusing schizophrenic patients: A mini review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 15: 1-13.
• (347). Siris S.G., Mason S.E., Bermanzohn P.C., Shuwall M.A., Aseniero M.A.(1993): Adjunctive imipramine in substance-abusing dysphoric schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol Bull. 29:127-133.
• (348). Siris S. G., Kane J. M., Frechen K., Sellew A. P., Mandeli J., Fasano-Dube B. (1988): Histories of substance abuse in patients with postpsychotic depression. Compr Psychiatry. 29: 550-557.
• (349). Skodol A.E., Oldham J. M., Gallagher P. E. (1999): Axis II comorbidity of substance abuse disorders among patients referred for treatment of personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 156: 733-738.
• (350). Spencer D. J. (1971): Cannabis-induced psychosis. Int J Addict. 6: 323-326.
• (351). Spensley J. (1976): Doxepin: A useful adjunct in the treatment of heroin addicts in a methadone program. Int J Addict. 11: 191-197.
• (352). Steer R. A., Kotzer E. (1980): Affective changes in male and female methadone patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 5: 115-122.
• (353). Steer R. A., Schut J. (1981): Affect dimension of male heroin addicts admitted for inpatient detoxification. Int J Addict. 1: 341-348.
• (354). Stimmel B., Cohen M., Sturiano V., Hanbury R., Korts D., Jackson G. (1983): Is treatment for alcoholism effective in persons on methadone maintenance? Am J Psychiatry. 140: 862-866.
• (355). Stimmel B., Cohen M. J., Hambury R. (1978): Alcoholism and polydrugs abuse in persons on Methadone Maintenance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 99-109.
• (356). Stimmel B., Goldberg J., Murphy R. (1983): Fetal outcome in narcotic dependent women: The importance of the type of maternal narcotic used. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 9: 373-395.
• (357). Stine S. M., Freeman M., Burns B., Charney D. S., Kosten T. R. (1992): Effects of Methadone dose on Cocaine abuse in a methadone program. Am J Addict. 1: 294-303.
• (358). Stoll A. L., Cole J. O., Lukas S. E. (1991): A case of mania as result of fluoxetine-marijuana interaction. J Clin Psychiatry. 52(6): 280-281.
• (359). Strain E. C., Stitzer M. L., Bigelow G. E. (1991): Early treatment time course of depressive symptoms in opiate addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis. 179: 215-221.
• (360). Strakowski S. M., Del Bello M. P., Fleck D. E., Arndt S. (2000): The impact of substance abuse on the course of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 48(6): 477-485.
• (361). Talbott J. A., Teague J. W. (1969): Marihuana psychosis. Acute toxic psychosis associated with the use of cannabis derivatives. JAMA. 210: 299-302.
• (362). Tazi A., Dantzer R., Mormede P., Le Moal M. (1983): Effects of post-trial administration of naloxone and B-endorphin on shock-induced fi ghting in rats. Behav Neural Biol. 39:192-202.
• (363). Thacore V. R., Shukla S. R. P. (1976): Cannabis psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 33: 383-386.
• (364). Thornicroft G. (1990): Cannabis and psychosis: is there epidemiological evidence for an association ? Br J Psychiatry. 157: 25-33.
• (365). Tiebout H. M. (1946-1947): Psychology and treatment of alcoholism. Q J Stud Alcohol. 7: 214-227.
• (366). Tondo L., Baldessarini R. J., Hennen J., Minnai G. P., Salis P., Scamonatti L., Masia M., Ghiani C., Mannu P. (1999): Suicide attemps in major affective disorder patients with comorbid substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 60 Suppl(2): 63-69.
• (367). Tong T. G., Benowitz N. L., Kreek M. J. (1980): Methadone-disulfiram interaction during methadone maintenance. J Clin Pharmacol. 20: 506-513.
• (368). Treece C. D., Nicholson B. (1980): DSM III personality type and dose levels in methadone maintenance patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 168: 621-628.
• (369). Tsuang M., Simpson J., Kronfol Z. (1982): Subtypes of drug abuse with psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 39: 141-147.
• (370). Tunnicliff G. (1992): Signifi cance of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the brain. Gen Pharmacol. 23: 1028- 1034.
• (371). Vaillant G. E. (1966): A twelve-year follow-up of New York narcotic addicts, IV: Some characteristics and determinants of abstinence. Am J Psychiatry. 123: 575-585.
• (372). Vaillant G. E. (1983): The Natural History of alcoholism: causes, patterns, and paths to recovery, Mass. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
• (373). Varga E., Sugerman A. A., Apter J. (1982): The effect of codeine on involutional and senile depression. In K. Verebey Ed., Opioids in mental illness: theories, clinical observations and treatment possibilities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. V. 398. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N.Y.
• (374). Varma L. P. (1972): Cannabis psychosis. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 14: 241-255.
• (375). Verebey K. (1982): Opioids in mental illness: theories, clinical observations and treatment possibilities, The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N.Y.
• (376). Volavka J. (1999): The effects of clozapine on aggression and substance abuse in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 60(suppl 12): 43-46.
• (377). Volovka S. J., Anderson B., Koz G. (1982): Naloxone and naltrexone in mental illness and tardive dyskinesia. In K. Verebey Ed., Opioids in mental illness: theories, clinical observations and treatment possibilities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. V. 398. The New York academy of sciences, New Yorl, N.Y. pp. 143-152.
• (378). von Limbeek J., Wouters L., Kaplan C. D., Geerlings P. J., von Alem V. (1992): Prevalence of psychopathology in drug-addicted Dutch. J Subst Abuse Treat. 9(1): 43-52.
• (379). Walker P. W. (1963): Zum krankheitsbild der lavierten endogenen depression. Wien med wschr Suppl. 98:111.
• (380). Ward N. G., Schuckit M. (1980): Factors associated with suicidal behavior in polydrug abusers. J Clin Psychiatry. 41: 370-379.
• (381). Weiner S., Shaikh M. B, Shaikh A. B, Siegel A. (1991): Enkephalinergic involvement in periaqueductal gray control of hypothalamically elicited predatory attach in the cat. Physiol Behav. 49/6: 1099-1105.
• (382). Weiss R. D., Mirin S. M., Michael J. L., et al (1986): Psychopatology in chronic cocaine abusers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 12: 17-29.
• (383). Weissman M. M., Slobetz F., Prusoff B. A., Mesritz M., Howard P. A. T. (1976): Clinical depression among narcotic addicts maintained on methadone in the community. Am J Psychiatry. 133: 1434-1438.
• (384). Whitwell J. R. (1936): Historical Notes on Psychiatry (Early Times-End of 16th Century)London: HK Lewis & Co. London.
• (385). Wieder H., Kaplan E. H. (1969): Drug use in adolescents: psychodynamic meaning and pharmacogenic effect. Psychoanal Study Child. 24: 399-431.
• (386). Wieland W. F., Sola S. (1970): Depression in opiate addicts measured by objective tests. Proceedings of the III National Conference on Methadone Treatment. AMTA, New York. pp. 187-202.
• (387). Wilens T. E., Biederman J., Mick E., Faraone S. V., Spencer T. (1997): ADHD is associated with early onset substance use disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 185(8): 475-482.
• (388). Willemsen-Swinkels S. H., Buitelaar J. K., Weijnen F. G., et al. (1996): Plasma beta endorphins concentration in people with learning disability and self injurious and/or autistic behaviour. Br J Psychiatry. 168(1): 105-109.
• (389). Windle M. (1991): The diffi cult temperament in adolescence: associations with substance use, family support, and problem behaviors. J Clin Psychol. 47(2): 310-315.
• (390). Winokur A., Rickels K., Greenblatt D. J., Snyder P. J., Schatz N. J. (1980): Withdrawal reaction from longterm, low dosage administration of diazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 37: 101-105.
• (391). Winokur G., Coryell W., Akiskal H. S., Maser J., Keller M. B., Endicott J., Mueller T. (1995): Alcoholism in Manic-Depressive (Bipolar) illness: familial illness, course of illness and the primary-secondary distinction. Am J Psychiatry. 152: 365-372.
• (392). Winslow J. T., Miczek K. A. (1988): Naltrexone blocks amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, but not disruption of social and agonistic behavior in mice and squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 96: 493-499.
• (393). Wixon H. N., Hunt W. A. (1980): Effect of acute and chronic ethanol treatment on gamma amino butyric acid levels and on aminooxyacetic acid-induced gaba accumulation. Subst Alcohol Ab/Mis. 1: 481-491.
• (394). Woody G. E., Blaine J. D. (1979): Depression in narcotic addicts: Quite possibly more than a chance association. In R. L. Dupont, A. Goldstein, J. O’Donnell Eds, Handbook on Drug Abuse. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., National Institute on Drug Abuse Pub. No.277-286. Washington, D.C.
• (395). Woody G. E., McLellan A. T., Luborsky L. (1985): Sociopathy and psychotherapy outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 42: 1081-1086.98 Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems
• (396). Woody G. E., McLellan A. T., Luborsky L., O’Brien C. P. (1984): Psychiatric severity as a predictor of benefi ts from psychotherapy: The Penn-VA study. Am J Psychiatry. 141: 1172-1177.
• (397). Woody G. E., McLellan A. T., O’Brien C. P. (1984): Treatment of behavioral and psychiatrics problems associated with opiate dependence. NIDA Res Monogr. 46: 23-35.
• (398). Woody G. E., Mintz J., O’Hare K., O’Brien O. F., Greenstein R. A., Hargrove H. E. (1975): Diazepam use by patients in a methadone program: how seriuos a problem? J Psychedelic Drugs. 7: 373-379.
• (399). Woody G. E., O’Brien C. P., Rickels K. (1975): Depression and anxiety in heroin addicts: A placebo controlled study of doxepin in combination with methadone. Am J Psychiatry. 132: 447-450.
• (400). Woolverton k., Johnson F. (1992): Neurobiology of cocaine abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 13: 193-200.
• (401). Wurmser L. (1974): Psychoanalytic considerations of the etiology of compulsive drug abuse. Am Psychoanal Ass. 22: 820-843.
• (402). Wurmser L. (1977): Mr. Pecksnif’s horse? In J. D. Baine, D. A. Julius Eds, Psychodynamics od drug dependence. U.S. Dept. of Health Education Welfare, Rockville, MD. pp. 36-72.
• (403). Wurmser L. (1982): The question of specifi c psychopathology in compulsive drug use. In K. Verebey Ed., Opioids in Mental Illness. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci, New York. pp. 33-43.
• (404). Wurmster L (1974): Psychoanalitic consideration of the etiology of compulsive drug use. Am Psychoanal Ass. 22: 820-843.
• (405). Yates W. R., Fulton A. I., Gabel J. M., Brass C. T. (1989): Personality risk factors for cocaine abusers. Am J Public Health. 79(7): 891-892.
• (406). Yovell Y., Opler L. A. (1994): Clozapine reverses cocaine craving in a treatment resistant mentally ill chemical abuser: a case report and a hypothesis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 182: 591-592.
• (407). Zanarini H. C., Gunderson J. C., Fraenkenberg F.R. (1989): Axis II phenomenology of Boderline Personality Disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 30: 149-156.
• (408). Zilboorg G. (1941): A History of Medical Psychology, W W Norton, New York, NY, USA.
• (409). Zimmerman M., Coryell W. (1989): DSM-III Personality Disorder diagnoses in a non patient sample: demographic correlates and comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46: 682-689.
• (410). Zuckermann M. (1979): Sensation seeking: beyond the optimal level of arousal, Erlboum, Helesdale, N.J.
• (411). Zuckermann M. (1988): Sensation seeking, risk taking and health. In M. P. Janisse Ed., Individual differences, stress and health. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp. 72-88.